<p>The Philipus J. and Cornelia Koelman House, also known as the D.C. Van Zante House, is an historic residence located in Pella, Iowa, United States. Philipus, his father and sister were part of the first colony of settlers in Pella from the Netherlands in 1847. He went into farming and when he retired to this house, he owned five farms. His two-story brick house is a transitional structure. It combines the Dutch construction techniques of the early settlers with American architectural design. The later is found the house&#39;s basic I-house design, and the Renaissance Revival detailing. The former is found in the use of beam anchors and the floor system where the flooring rests on top of the floor joists without a subfloor between them. The original stoop porch with its saw-tooth railing was replaced around 1905 with a sitting porch that covered the three center bays and had a railing that encircled the second floor porch. It was removed in 2001. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>Farrington&#39;s Grove Historic District is a national historic district located at Terre Haute, Vigo County, Indiana. It encompasses 1,110 contributing buildings in a predominantly residential section of Terre Haute. It developed between about 1850 and 1935, with most built between 1890 and 1920, and includes representative examples of Greek Revival, Italianate, Queen Anne, and Colonial Revival style architecture. Located in the district are the separately listed Sage-Robinson-Nagel House and Williams-Warren-Zimmerman House. Other notable buildings include the English-Bogard House , Kelley-Luther-Trent House , Meyer-Gantner House , Grover-Shannon-Lee House , Potter-Steele-Tablr House , Reckert-Robertson House , Hawthorne Building , and Temple Israel .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Dominie Henry P. Scholte House is an historic residence located in Pella, Iowa, United States. Dominie Scholte was the leader of a secessionist movement from the organized church in the Netherlands in the 1830s. He became the spiritual, practical and formal leader of the Dutch Emigration Society, which prepared and executed the immigration of several hundred Dutch people to Pella in 1847. He is credited with founding the town itself, and was heavily involved in the towns early economic development. Initially a Democrat, he switched to the new Republican party and gave a speech on behalf of Abraham Lincoln at the 1860 Republican National Convention. Switching political parties and his involvement in church schism issues diminished his influence. He died in 1868. R.R. Beard, who married his widow, carried on Scholtes economic leadership in the community.</p><br>
<p>The first part of the house was built from 1847 to 1848, making it one the first buildings constructed in town.</p><br>
<p>The Thomas F. and Nancy Tuttle House, also known as the Tuttle Cabin, is an historic residence located in Pella, Iowa, United States. Built in 1843, it predates the founding of the Pella, and is therefore the oldest building in town. The 1½-story log cabin contains a single room, and was built as a farmhouse for a homestead claim by Thomas Tuttle. In 1847 Pella&#39;s founder, Dominie Henry P. Scholte, bought the dwelling and farm from Tuttle for the location of the settlement for Dutch immigrants. Scholte sold the cabin in 1866. The last family to live here was the Sneller family who lived here from 1912 to 1973. Robert Van Vark bought the cabin at an auction in 1973 and his daughter, Gail Van Vark Kirby, inherited it from him. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015. The Historic Pella Trust acquired the property in April of the same year.</p><br>
<p>The Owen Moon Farm is a historic country estate on Morgan Hill Road in South Woodstock, Vermont. Set on a steeply sloped 8 acre parcel are its main house, an 1816 brick building, a barn, and a 1930s bungaloid guest house. The hilly terrain is heavily landscaped, forming an important visual component of the estate, and serving to afford it privacy from the nearby public roads. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983, primarily for the well-preserved Federal period architecture of the main house.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Owen Moon Farm stands on the west side of Morgan Hill Road, about 0.5 mi south of Vermont Route 106 in southern Woodstock. It is set on a wooded rise, with a loop drive that accesses the building complex from the east and south. The main house stands at the top of the rise, screened from the road by a stand of tall trees. It is a 2-1/2 story brick building, with a post-and-beam wooden frame, gabled roof, and brick veneer exterior. The main facade faces east, and has a center entrance with flanking sidelight windows that have oval tracery, and narrow pilasters, with a rectangular transom and entablature above. A square-headed Palladian window is set directly above the entrance. A Colonial Revival porch projects from the north gable end, and a 1-1/2 story ell extending to the building&#39;s rear. A 1-1/2 story Bungalow-style guest house stands just west of the house, and a c. 1890 barn, rehabilitated in the late 1930s, stands to the south.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1816 by John Lake, a highly regarded local carpenter. For much of the 19th century it belonged to the Kendall family, and was purchased in 1937 by Owen Moon, a retired businessman. Moon oversaw the transformation of the property into a country estate, enlarging the house, building the guest house, and rehabilitating the barn. Moon also had the hilly parcel terraced and landscaped with formal and informal gardens.</p><br>
<p>The Gen. Lewis R. Morris House is a historic house and farm property at 456 Old Connecticut River Road in Springfield, Vermont. Its main house, built in 1795, is well-preserved local example of Federal architecture with later Greek Revival features. The property also includes well-preserved 19th-century agricultural buildings, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Morris House stands overlooking the Connecticut River in eastern Springfield, its informally landscaped lot separated from the river bank by Old Connecticut River Road, historically the main route along the river&#39;s west bank (since replaced by United States Route 5, which passes west of the farm property). The main house is a two story wood frame structure, with a hip roof and clapboarded exterior. The east-facing front facade is five bays across, with a center entrance flanked by pilasters and topped by a half-round transom window and gabled pediment. The building corners have narrow pilasters, rising to a dentillated cornice. The interior follows a typical Georgian central hall plan, with much original Federal period woodwork augmented by Greek Revival touches. The farm complex also includes 19th-century carriage and stock barns, and a large corn crib.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1795 for Lewis R. Morris, one of Springfields early settlers and a veteran of the American Revolutionary War. The Morrises had extensive landholdings, some of which were confiscated due to the support of Morriss father Richard for the claims of New York for the territory that is now Vermont. Morris descendants owned the property until the late 19th century, when Leonidas Barry acquired it; he is responsible for a number of alterations to the house and the construction of several of the surviving outbuildings. Some of his alterations, notably the lengthening of its window bays, have been reverse by subsequent owners, in order to restore the building closer to its original appearance.</p><br>
<p>West Wabash Historic District is a national historic district located at Wabash, Wabash County, Indiana. It encompasses 283 contributing buildings in a predominantly residential section of Wabash. It developed between about 1840 and 1930, and includes representative examples of Federal, Italianate, Romanesque Revival, and Colonial Revival style architecture. Located in the district is the separately listed First Christian Church. Other notable buildings include the Jackson Family House , John and Lucinda Sivey House , Thomas and Hannah Whiteside House , Matlock-Barnhart House , Alexander and Millicent Hill House , David and Sadie Cohen House , Bennett E. Davis House , Presbyterian Church , Wabash Carnegie Public Library , and Wabash High School .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>Downtown Wabash Historic District, also known as the Wabash Marketplace District, is a national historic district located at Wabash, Wabash County, Indiana. It encompasses 27 contributing buildings in the central business district of Wabash. It developed between about 1840 and 1920, and includes representative examples of Italianate, Romanesque Revival, and Second Empire style architecture. Located in the district are the separately listed James M. Amoss Building and Solomon Wilson Building. Other notable buildings include the E.M. Conner Building , Back Saddlery and Harness Shop , Wabash Loan and Trust Company , Bradley Block , Busick Block , Eagles Building , the Plain Dealer Building , S.J. Payne Block , J.C. Penneys , National Block , Sheriffs House and Jail , Memorial Hall , USA Post Office , Wabash County Courthouse , Shively Block , and Wabash City Hall .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>East Wabash Historic District is a national historic district located at Wabash, Wabash County, Indiana. It encompasses 204 contributing buildings in a predominantly residential section of Wabash. It developed between about 1850 and 1930, and includes representative examples of Federal, Italianate, Second Empire, Queen Anne, Colonial Revival, and Bungalow / American Craftsman style architecture. Notable buildings include the George and Sophie Lumaree House , Treaty Stone and Lime Company , Grandstaff Hentgen Funeral Service, James D. Conner House , Cowgill House , Kaiser Hotel , C.W. Cowgill House , and St. Matthew&#39;s Evangelical and Reformed Church .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.</p><br>
<p>North Manchester Historic District is a national historic district located at North Manchester, Wabash County, Indiana. It encompasses 159 contributing buildings in the central business district and surrounding residential sections of North Manchester. It developed between about 1870 and 1938, and includes representative examples of Greek Revival, Gothic Revival, Italianate, Queen Anne, and Bungalow / American Craftsman style architecture. Located in the district are the separately listed Lentz House , Noftzger-Adams House, and North Manchester Public Library. Other notable buildings include the John Lavey House , Horace Winton House , Agricultural Block , Moose Lodge , North Manchester City Hall, Masonic Hall , Zion Lutheran Church , and North Manchester Post Office .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>Manchester College Historic District is a national historic district located at North Manchester, Wabash County, Indiana. It encompasses three contributing buildings and one contributing object on the campus of Manchester University. They are the Administration Building, Ikenberry Hall, and Oakwood Hall. The Administration Building consists of the 2 1/2-story, Second Empire style Baumgerdner Hall ; 2 1/2-story, Second Empire style, Bible School ; with the Tudor Revival style connecting the two older buildings . The Administration Building consists of a four-story central tower with three-story flanking wings. Oakwood Hall, originally the Womens Dormitory, was built in 1898 with an addition built in 1916 and a Bungalow / American Craftsman style addition in 1926. Ikenberry Hall, originally the Mens Dormitory, was built in 1906, and is a 3 1/2-story, Classical Revival style orange brick building. The district also includes the two-tier, cast iron college fountain .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>LaFontaine Historic District is a national historic district located at La Fontaine, Wabash County, Indiana. It encompasses 56 contributing buildings and 4 contributing structures in the central business district and surrounding residential sections of La Fontaine. It developed between about 1848 and 1930, and includes representative examples of Gothic Revival, Italianate, Queen Anne, Romanesque Revival, Classical Revival, and Bungalow / American Craftsman style architecture. Notable buildings include the Matthews Service Station , John Finkenbiner Blacksmith Shop , Criswell House/Masonic Lodge , LaFontaine Methodist Church , O. W. Clark Grocery , I.O.O.F. Hall , Parker Building , Parker House , Parker Carriage House , Original Parker Store , Farmers State Bank , and Knights of Pythias Lodge No. 211/LaFontaine National Bank .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<p>Roann Historic District is a national historic district located at Roann and Paw Paw Township, Wabash County, Indiana. It encompasses 117 contributing buildings, 2 contributing sites, and 1 contributing structure in the central business district and surrounding residential sections of Roann. It developed between about 1853 and 1961, and includes representative examples of Gothic Revival, Italianate, Queen Anne, Second Empire, Colonial Revival, and Streamline Moderne style architecture. Located in the district are the separately listed Roann Covered Bridge, Roann-Paw Paw Township Public Library, and Thomas J. Lewis House. Other notable buildings include the First Brethren Church , Dersham House and Veterinary Clinic , Roann Christian Church , Watson House , Universalist Church , Roann Methodist Church , Paw Paw Township School , James Van Buskirk House , Halderman Building , USA Post Office and Medical Building , Nicely Oil Service Station , Comer Building , and Spiece House .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.</p><br>
<p>The B.H. and J.H.H. Van Spanckeren Row Houses, also known as the Wyatt Earp House and the Pella Historical Society, is an historic building located in Pella, Iowa, United States. The Van Spanckerens were brothers who, along with their mother, Catharina Reerink Van Spanckeren and two other siblings emigrated from the Netherlands in the 1840s. Catharina bought property in Pella in 1849, which she divided into three parcels and sold to her three sons. B.H. and J.H.H. built this rowhouse sometime between 1855 and 1860, while the third brother sold his parcel in 1864. The shared wall of this two-story brick house is on the property line. Both houses were divided into two units. In 505 both units were separate apartments. American frontier lawman Wyatt Earp spent 14 years of his boyhood in this row house. In 507, the upstairs was an apartment while the downstairs housed J.H.H.&#39;s general store. Both houses were owned by separate owners until 1966.</p><br>
<p>Dutch building techniques were utilized in the construction of both houses. They include the use of beam anchors, which are similar to tie rods, a floor system where the flooring rests on top of the floor joists without the use of a subfloor, the double hung windows on the second floor in 505 with the unique three over six configuration, and an economy of space that is provided in a rowhouse that was a rarity in Pella.</p><br>
<p>The William Van Asch House-Huibert Debooy Commercial Room, also known as the Central College Temporary Quarters, is a historic building located in Pella, Iowa, United States. It is one of the finest extant examples of vernacular architecture that the early Dutch settlers to Pella brought with them from the Netherlands. Both Van Asch and Debooy were among the earliest settlers in Pella. Van Asch had the two-story brick house built in 1854. Before he and his wife could move in he rented the house to Central University of Iowa for its use. The college used it for two years. DeBooy built the 1½-story brick commercial room to the east in 1856. He bought the Van Asch&#39;s house in 1864 and joined the two buildings together with a hyphen. The DeBooys lived in the house. After they died in the early 20th century the entire complex housed apartments. The Strawtown Corporation bought it in 1974 and it now houses retail businesses.</p><br>
<p>Dutch building techniques were utilized in the construction of both buildings. They include the use of beam anchors, which are similar to tie rods, a floor system where the flooring rests on top of the floor joists without the use of a subfloor, the window sash configuration, the use of hyphens to join together two separate buildings and increase floor space, and the mousetooth pattern brickwork. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>The Henry and Johanna Van Maren House-Diamond Filling Station is a historic building located in Pella, Iowa, United States. The Van Marens had this two-story brick building constructed for their family home in 1877. Both were first generation immigrants from the Netherlands. Henry was a wagon and carriage-maker. They bought the property their home stands on under Johanna&#39;s name, and it remained in her name until she died in 1912 and it passed to Henry.</p><br>
<p>In 1928 the house was converted for use as a filling station. John operated the station. They lived in the second-floor apartment. The yellow and red paint scheme are the Diamond Oil Companys colors. The canopy, added in 1928, originally had a gable roof with half-timbering in the gable end. It was altered to its present appearance in 1956. The gas pumps were located between the columns. In 1955 the filling station became a D-X station. Cordelia Vander Linden sold the property in 1967. The buildings conversion into a filling station is what makes it historically significant. It has subsequently housed a travel agency, realtor office, and potter&#39;s studio. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<p>Zengpiyan is a Neolithic cave site in southern China. It is located in the Guilin region on the south-western fringes of the Dushan Mountain  in the autonomous region Guangxi and is considered to be one of the most important cave sites of the Neolithic in China as it is one of the many independent centers for the introduction of animal domestication and pottery.</p><br>
<p>The cave was discovered in 1969 and archaeological excavations began in 1973. Dating revealed that the cave was occupied between 9,000 and 7,500 years ago, the oldest layer reaching as far back as 12,000 years ago. This natural cave was used as a dwelling place, whether it was only a seasonal habitat is not yet clear. The main cave has an area of approximately 220 m&sup2; and faces southwest, adjacent to the Li River with neighboring woods for hunting, lakes for fishing and plains for collecting wild vegetables.</p><br>
<p>Excavations have so far yielded over 30 human corpses, 110 kinds of mammals, birds, fishes and reptiles, over 1,000 pieces of polished and pierced stone and bone ware, animal teeth, mussel shells and over 10,000 pieces of pottery. A large number of fireplaces and waste pits were also discovered. In the back of the cave stone material is piled up. In older sediments semi-finished stone tools were abundant. Pierced stone tools and polished stone tools were unearthed from more recent layers. Bone artifacts included fishing spears (Yubiao 鱼镖), arrowheads (zú 镞) needles (zhēn 针) and hairpins (jī 笄).</p><br>
<p>The cave yielded some of the country&#39;s oldest pieces of pottery as the appearance of pottery in the area is believed to be related to freshwater snail eating. "Freshwater snails were one of their staple foods, judging by the quantities of snail shells found in various strata". The oldest local pottery is according to Chinese archaeologists dated to 12,000 years BP. The ceramics of more recent strata were determined to belong to the "String pattern-Guan-vessel-type" (绳纹罐类).</p><br>
<p>For some time the cave must also have served as a primitive tomb as bones of about 30 humans were discovered. No burial pits and funeral tools have been found. The bodies were buried mainly in a squatting position.</p><br>
<p>The cave was finally abandoned after being inhabited for 5,000 years when a warm and humid period started around 7,000 years ago and the cave, only one meter above the surrounding plain, was often flooded.</p><br>
<p>The assertion that the pig was domesticated at this site remains controversial and has not yet been answered conclusively.</p><br>
<p>scholars Zhang Chia and Hsiao-chun Hung in "Later hunter-gatherers in southern China, 18 000–3000 BC":</p><br>
<p>"The ‘Neolithic package’ doesn&#39;t really work for this fascinating chapter of the human experience, where pottery, social aggregation, animal domestication and rice cultivation all arrive at different places and times. The authors define the role of the ‘pottery-using foragers’, sophisticated hunter-gatherers who left shell or fish middens in caves and dunes. These colonising non-farmers shared numerous cultural attributes with rice cultivators on the Yangtze, their parallel contemporaries over more than 5000 years. Some agriculturalists became hunter-foragers in turn when they expanded onto less fertile soils. No simple linear transition then, but the practice of ingenious strategies, adaptations and links in a big varied land."</p><br>
<p>Zengpiyan has been listed a monument of the People&#39;s Republic of China in 2001.</p><br>
<p>The Ten Hagen Cottage-Stegman Store, or more properly the ten Hagen Cottage-Stegman Store, is a historic building located in Pella, Iowa, United States. A.J.C. and Charlotte ten Hagen were first generation immigrants from the Netherlands. The ten Hagen&#39;s received the title to this property, and the single-story frame cottage was built on it before A.J.C. died the following year. Charlotte inherited the property and was its owner until she sold it in 1876 to G.F. Stegeman who enlarged it and converted it into a general store. The building is located in what in known as Strawtown, the original business district in Pella. The building features heavy wood frame construction, a six-bay, asymmetrical facade, side-gabled roof, a full-width front porch, and Dutch building techniques. The building techniques include a floor system where the flooring rests on top of the floor joists without the use of a subfloor, and window design that maximizes the amount of light into the structure. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<p>Bridge 22, also known as the Creamery Bridge is a historic pony truss bridge, carrying Old Creamery Road across the Waits River in Bradford, Vermont. Built in 1934, it is well-preserved late example of a bridge style then passing out of fashion. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Bridge 22 is located at the southern end of Bradford village, where Old Creamery Road runs generally south to connect that end of the village to Vermont Route 25. The Waits River at that point flows generally northward before turning east to empty into the Connecticut River. The bridge is a single-span Warren pony truss, 105 ft in length. It has a total width of 17 ft, and a roadway width of 16 ft. The deck, made of metal panels paved over in asphalt, is supported by I-beams. A water utility pipe is attached to the southern truss.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was built in 1934, its trusses manufactured by the American Bridge Company at its plant in Ambridge, Pennsylvania. Although the Warren pony truss was a common bridge type in Vermont into the 1920s, changing manufacturing techniques and standardization of bridge types by the state meant that its use was in decline in the state when this bridge was built. It replaced a wooden bridge at the same location, and the truss form was probably selected due to the impracticality of designs for this location that required the supporting elements to be beneath the bridge deck. Some of the labor for the bridge&#39;s construction may have been given by townspeople in lieu of property tax payments.</p><br>
<p>The Witherill Farm is a historic farm property on Witherill Road in Shoreham, Vermont. With a history dating to the late 18th century, the farm was for two centuries managed by generations of the same family, and was a noted early exporter of merino sheep to South Africa. Most of the farmstead buildings were built before 1850. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Witherill Farm is located in central western Shoreham, and is roughly bisected by Witherill Road, a town road extending westward from Vermont Route 74. The farmstead consists of four buildings, two on either side of the road. To the north stands what was originally a small blacksmith shop, a 1-1/2 story gabled wood-frame structure that recently served as a garage, but has seen a variety of uses over time. East of it stands the main farmhouse, an 1857 Greek Revival structure two stories in height and three bays wide, with a wraparound single-story porch. Across the street stand two barns: a c. 1820 sheep barn, and an 1809 apple packing barn. Both have rubblestone foundations and timber framing, with clapboard walls. At the time of the propertys National Register operation, most of the farms 117 acre were in agricultural use as an apple orchard.</p><br>
<p>The farms history dates to 1785, when Ebenezer Turrill purchased the land from one of Shorehams original proprietors. His first house, built in 1790, stood about 10 ft from the present farmhouse, which was built in 1857. The farm has been worked by successive generations of Turrill&#39;s descendents. Originally a diversified farm producing a variety of products, it was specialized into merino sheep farming in the late 19th century, with its sheep being among early exports to South America and South Africa, its operators making several trips to the latter area to further this trade. The Witherills were among the first in the area to produce apples for commercial distribution, acting as founding members of a local cooperative established for the purpose. As of 1993, the farm continued to be worked by the Witherills.</p><br>
<p>The Brock Hill Schoolhouse is a historic one-room schoolhouse on North Road in rural Newbury, Vermont. Built in 1850, it is a well-preserved example of a mid-19th century schoolhouse with Greek Revival styling. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Brock Hill Schoolhouse stands in a rural area of western Newbury, on the west side of North Road. It is a modest single-story wood frame structure, with a gabled cedar shingle roof, clapboard siding, and a modern concrete foundation which replaced an original fieldstone foundation. The main facade is unadorned except for a central entrance and a flagpole, mounted above the entrance. The sides and rear each have two window bays. The interior has a small coatroom, which is separated from the class room by a reproduction of an original divider wall. The interior walls are all finished in beadboard with a chair rail, painted in latex paint. A 19th-century wood stove stands in the center of the classroom.</p><br>
<p>The school was built sometime between 1802 and 1818, and served Newburys District 8. Its name derives from its presence near the farm of Thomas Brock at the time of its initial construction; the land for the school was given by E.S. Brock when the school was rebuilt into its present shape in 1850. The school served the rural upland areas students until 1913. The school was apparently abandoned for a time, and was sold by the school district in 1960, seeing uses that may have included a hunting lodge. At one time it was fitted with plumbing and electricity, but these changes have been reversed. Adjacent to the schoolhouse is a surviving 19th-century privy and woodshed structure; both were the subject of restoration in the early 2000s.</p><br>
<p>St. Mark&#39;s Cross is a high cross and National Monument located in Blessington, County Wicklow, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>St. Mark&#39;s Cross is presently located at the south wall of Burgage cemetery, Blessington, 600 m west of the River Liffey.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St. Marks Cross was erected in the 12th century next to a church and holy well in Burgage More. In the 19th century, it was also known as Saint Baoithins Cross. The original site was submerged during the creation of Poulaphouca Reservoir, and the cross was moved to Burgage cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The cross is made of blue-grey granite and stands 4.3 m high. The cross has an unpierced ring, unlike most Celtic crosses, and unusually long arms. There is a decorative boss in the centre of both faces. On the base of the cross is a weathered inscription.</p><br>
<p>The Pella Opera House is a historic building located in Pella, Iowa, United States. Herman Rietveld, a local businessman and promoter, was the main backer for building the opera house, which was underwritten by the Pella Opera House Association. A previous opera house had been destroyed in a fire in the late 19th century. Pella architect Henry DeGooyer designed the four story, brick Romanesque Revival structure. He used the opera house in Sioux City, Iowa, as his guide. The locally produced orange-colored bricks are said to be distinctive to Pella.</p><br>
<p>The opera house opened in November 1900 and regularly served its intended purpose for only a few years. After that it sporadically hosted stage performances until 1918. The building was converted into a commercial building at that time. It continued to serve that purpose until the 1980s when the Pella Opera House Commission acquired the property and converted back into a live entertainment venue. A Des Moines architect, Lawrence M. Erickson, was architect for the rehabilitation project, completed in 1990. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>Kapuskasing Lake is a lake in Algoma District and Sudbury District in northeastern Ontario, Canada. Algoma District, with just the southern tip in geographic Sherlock Township, Sudbury District.</p><br>
<p>The primary inflow at the southwest is the Chapleau River. The primary outflow is the Kapuskasing River at the northeast, of which the lake is the source. The Kapuskasing River flows via the Mattagami River and the Moose River to James Bay.</p><br>
<p>The settlement of Elsas is at the northern end of the lake, and the railway point of Agate is just northwest of the lake. Both settlements are on the Canadian National Railway transcontinental railway main line, completed in 1915 as the Canadian Northern Railway, which follows the northern shore of the lake. The line is served by Via Rail transcontinental Canadian trains which stop at Elsas railway station.</p><br>
<p>Seefin Passage Tomb is a passage grave and National Monument located atop Seefin Hill, County Wicklow, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Seefin Passage Tomb is located atop Seefin in the Wicklow Mountains, just to the south of the Kilbride Camp. Nearby Seefingan and Seahan also have cairns atop them.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Seefin Passage Tomb was built c. 3300 BC. The tomb was excavated by R. A. Stewart Macalister in 1931, but no artefacts or human remains were found, suggesting that no-one was ever buried there, or that the remains were later removed.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Seefin Passage Tomb is a stone cairn, 24 m in diameter and 3 m high. There are large kerb stones around the base of the tomb and the tomb has a passageway 7 m long which opens into a chamber with five compartments. There are some carved decorations in lozenge shape, carved lines and quartz.</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery</h2><br>
<p>East Amsterdam School is a historic building located southwest of Pella, Iowa, United States. The Wabash Railroad began construction of its line through this area in 1882. The route split the Independent School District of Amsterdam in two, and it required that its only school building be torn down. They decided to build two school buildings, East Amsterdam School and West Amsterdam School, so the districts children would not have to cross the tracks. The west building is no longer extant. The East Amsterdam School was in use from 1882 to 1960 when it was closed by the Pella Community School District, with which it had merged in 1958. It is now a museum operated by the Pella Historical Society. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>The single-story, one-room, frame structure was completed in 1882 by Bootsma, Teunis & Co. The open porch was added in 1905, and the lean-to was built around 1942. There are two privys that sit 70 ft behind the school building. It is unknown when they were built, but they were extant when the school closed in 1960. They are not part of the historic designation.</p><br>
<p>The Adair Viaduct is a historic structure located in Adair, Iowa, United States. It spans the Iowa Interstate Railroad tracks for 192 ft. In 1908 Adair County built the first bridge at this location over the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad tracks near the site of the 1873 Jesse James train robbery. Increased traffic by the 1920s necessitated its replacement. The Iowa State Highway Commission designed the three-span open spandrel arch bridge. The Adair County Board of Supervisors awarded the $42,263 to build the bridge to the Federal Bridge Company of Des Moines. It is somewhat unusual in Iowa in that the bridge is not symmetrical. Because it is located over a deep cut the two approach spans at 56 ft each are shorter than the main span, which is 80 ft. The bridge was opened to traffic in June 1924. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The Ashi River is a right tributary of the Songhua in eastern Manchuria, located within Harbin&#39;s Acheng District in the People&#39;s Republic of China.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The river has borne the name "Ashi" since the Qing (17th–20th century). Before that, it was known as the Anchuhu (Middle Chinese: ʔan-tsyhwit-xu), a medieval Chinese transcription of its original Jurchen name Anchun, Ancun, or Alcun, meaning "Gold" or "Golden", presumably from placer deposits along its banks.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>From the 2nd century to the 5th century , the river formed part of the Korean kingdom of Buyeo.</p><br>
<p>The river was the home to Huining (now Acheng), the original settlement of the Wanyan clan of the Jurchens. When their chief Aguda declared himself the successor of the Liao , he adopted the dynastic name Jin as a Chinese translation of the river&#39;s name. Huining—as Shangjing (the "Upper Capital")—served as the Jin capital until 1234 and later served as a subsidiary capital after 1173.</p><br>
<p>The Winthrop Mills Company is a historic textile mill complex at 149-151 Main Street in Winthrop, Maine. Developed mainly between the late 19th and mid-20th centuries, it was the nation&#39;s largest manufacturer of woolen blankets for many years, and a major local employer for about 150 years. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Winthrop Mills Company complex is located in the town center of Winthrop, on the banks of Maranacook Stream, between the Maranacook and Anabessacook Lakes. The complex includes five buildings, as well as a power canal and dam that first went into operation in 1866. Four of the five buildings are of brick construction, between three and five stories in height, with later additions of various sizes and materials. These buildings were built using slow-burning construction methods typically used for mill construction of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The mill office building is a single-story brick structure located near Main Street.</p><br>
<p>Textile production began in Winthrop in the early 19th century, with the construction of a woolen and cotton mill in 1814. The Winthrop Mills Company was founded in 1866 by investors from Boston, Massachusetts, and operated on this site until 1938, when the business was purchased by the Wilton Woolen Company. It continued to operated under the Winthrop Mills name, producing both cotton and wool products until 1954. It was then sold, and operated as the Carleton Woolen Company, producing exclusively woolens until 2002, when it closed. It was one of the last woolen mills to operate in the state.</p><br>
<p>The Wilcox-Cutts House is a historic house on Vermont Route 22A in Orwell, Vermont. Its oldest portions date to 1789, but it is regarded as one of Vermont&#39;s finest examples of late Greek Revival architecture, the result of a major transformation in 1843. The house and accompanying farmland, also significant in the development of Morgan horse breeding in the state, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Wilcox-Cutts House stands in a rural area of central-southern Orwell, on the east side of Vermont Route 22A just south of Sanford Brook. The house is set on a farm property in excess of 250 acre which the road roughly bisects. The house is set back about 200 ft from the road on a terraced rise with woods behind. It is an L-shaped 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. The main portion of the house has a Greek temple front, with five Ionic columns supporting a pedimented gable. Greek Revival detailing extends to single-story flanking wings, with the northern one acting as a connector to the rear ell, which is the original 18th-century farmhouse. The interior of the main block has high quality Greek Revival woodwork and plaster detailing.</p><br>
<p>The house now forming the rear of the house was built in 1789 by William Holenbeck, one of Orwells first permanent settlers. The house was purchased in 1800 by Ebenezer Wilcox, who enlarged it slightly (with an ell to the east) in 1819. Wilcoxs son Lucius had the large Greek Revival front section added in 1843, retaining the services of the James Lamb, a regionally known master builder from Shoreham. The building is a remarkably sophisticated and high-style example of the Greek Revival for a rural setting, and has been twice copied: once for a house in Castleton, and again for a reduced-scale replica at the Shelburne Museum. Linus Wilcox was one of the first breeders of merino sheep in the state. In 1872, the property was acquired by Henry Cutts, who was one of the nation&#39;s leading breeders of the Morgan horse.</p><br>
<p>The Governor Shirley Square Historic District encompasses a cluster of civic, residential, and religious buildings at the junction of Dudley, Hampden, and Dunmore Streets in the Roxbury neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. Named for colonial governor William Shirley in 1913, the square was developed in the 1870s and 1880s as a major locus of civic development after the city of Roxbury was annexed to Boston in 1868. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Governor Shirley Square is an X-shaped intersection located southeast of Dudley Square, at the junction of Dunmore and Hampden Streets with Dudley Street, an arterial roadway through Bostons Roxbury neighborhood. Facing this intersection, and arrayed along the southward block of Dudley Street, are six buildings that make up the historic district. All are masonry structures, built in the 19th century between 1872 and 1896. The most visually striking is the 1873 St. Patricks Roman Catholic Church, built of red brick in the Gothic Revival style. Also facing the square are two mixed commercial-residential apartment blocks on the west side of Dudley Street (built in the 1890s), and the c. 1880 McDermott Block, a five-section building that is in mixed residential and commercial use. Further south on Dudley Street stand two municipal buildings: the 1872 Second Empire-styled Roxbury District 9 police station, and an 1874 fire station.</p><br>
<p>Before the 1840s, the area that is now Governor Shirley Square was largely undeveloped farmland. Development nearby began to its west, where Mount Pleasant area was developed between then and the 1860s. In 1860, a horse-drawn streetcar line was extended down what is now Dudley Street from the Dudley Square area, and development expanded into this area. In 1868 the city of Boston annexed Roxbury, and proceeded to make municipal improvements near the square, building the police and fire stations. The growing Catholic population of the area also prompted the construction of St. Patricks. The intersection was formally dedicated in honor of colonial governor William Shirley in 1913. (Shirleys mansion, a National Historic Landmark, is located several blocks south of this intersection.)</p><br>
<p>Castleruddery Motte is a motte and National Monument located in County Wicklow, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Castleruddery Motte is located 2 km east-northeast of Stratford-on-Slaney, on a slope 400 m (¼ mile) north of the River Slaney.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The motte was built in the late 12th century after the Norman invasion of Ireland. The motte at Castleruddery is located close to an early church mentioned in the twelfth century which formed part of the diocesan lands of Glendalough. In the early 13th century it became part of an episcopal manor and was subsequently granted to</p><br>
<p>the Dean of St. Patrick&#39;s Cathedral, Dublin. A borough grew up in association with the manor, of which the motte formed a part.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Castleruddery Motte is round, with an internal diameter of 30 m and is enclosed by an earthen bank. The motte guards a river crossing.</p><br>
<p>Bridge No. 3589 in Silver Creek Township, Minnesota is a reinforced concrete arch bridge carrying Minnesota State Highway 61 over the Stewart River just north of Two Harbors, Minnesota. The bridge was built in 1924, originally with a 70 ft span and a width of 19 ft. It was widened to 39 ft in 1939 because of increasing traffic loads. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The state of Minnesota, in 1921, established a trunk highway system. Trunk Highway 1 was one of the longest routes, starting on the border of Iowa and going through Albert Lea, Minneapolis, Duluth, Two Harbors, and Grand Portage before ending at the border with Canada. The portion of Highway 1 along Lake Superior was exceptionally scenic, located on a rocky ledge cut by cascading streams. A travel writer in the 1920s wrote this about the highway: Beyond argument, the drive on this northern shore of Lake Superior between Duluth and Port Arthur is a natural classic. This is the land of the sky-blue water and the cathedral red rocks, where the prophetic Indian voice of Gitchie Manitou booms to the joyous loneliness amid the million sea gulls flying like snow. A most satisfying road clings to the shore, now streaming with light, now cut through somber jungle of blue-black trees.</p><br>
<p>The rock-rimmed river gorges were more economically bridged with concrete arch bridges, since the footings could be formed directly from the exposed bedrock. The bridge is notable for its Classical Revival detailing. Usually, the Minnesota Highway Department devoted more detailing to urban bridges than rural bridges, but the scenic location on a popular tourist route lent itself to a more architecturally-detailed approach. As a result, the bridge was designed with open-balustrade railings, an emphatic archivolt, and monumental pilasters with recessed panels accented by contrasting concrete finishes. The original bridge was finished in 1924. By 1934, so many travelers were using the highway that the highway department proposed widening the bridge. Funds were not available until 1939, at which point the bridge was widened. The cost of widening the bridge was $12,793, and the widening respected the bridge&#39;s original design.</p><br>
<p>The Park House  is a cooperative apartment building located in The Plaza District at 135 West 58th Street between Sixth and Seventh Avenues in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. It was built in 1911 and is considered to be one of the most elegant Beaux Arts apartment houses in Manhattan.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>This handsome Beaux-Arts style building was designed by Walter Boughton Chambers, AIA. Walter B. Chambers founded the Atelier Masqueray-Chambers - the first atelier for architectural studies in the United States based on the French Beaux Arts system. In 1884, Chambers formed a partnership with Ernest Flagg, and their practice is credited with the Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C, McClellan Hall and Bingham Hall at Yale University, and the Gloria Vanderbilt Cooper Residence at 45 East 67th Street, New York.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The building&#39;s limestone facade is accented by 2 tiers of balconies, the first at the second floor level, and the last on the uppermost (9th) floor. Additionally a juliet balcony hangs from the central window of the 8th floor. The wrought iron railings feature greek key motifs in the corners.</p><br>
<p>Originally, the building consisted of one apartment per floor, consisting of 6 bedrooms, 4 bathrooms, a library and a 17 1/2 × 47 1/2 drawing room and dining room.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Park House was constructed in 1911 by the J. Livingston Construction Co.</p><br>
<p>The architectural firm of Flagg & Chambers, a partnership of Walter B. Chambers and Ernest Flagg, were commissioned to design the 9-story building. In 1912, the Park House won an American Institute of Architects Award in the category "1912, Over Six Stories" for architect Walter B. Chambers.</p><br>
<p>135W58th-1912.jpg135 W 58th Street, 1912</p><br>
<p>135W58thSt-New York Apartment House Album-plan.jpgFloor plan</p><br>
<p>135W58th Street Lobby.jpgStreet Lobby</p><br>
<p>Laang Spean  Cave of Bridges refers to a prehistoric cave site on top of a limestone hill  in Battambang Province, north-western Cambodia. The sites name Cave of Bridges hints to the many limestone arches  that remain after the partial collapse of the caves vault. Although excavations are still in progress, at least three distinct levels of ancient human occupation are already documented. At the site&#39;s deepest layers, around 5 meters below the ground primitive flaked stone tools were unearthed, dating back to around 71,000 years BP. Of great interest are above layers that contain records of the Hoabinhian  whose stratigraphic and chronological context has yet to be defined. Future excavations at Laang Spean might help to clarify the concept and "nature of the Hoabinhian" occupation and provide new data on the Pleistocene/Holocene transition in the region</p><br>
<h2>Documentation</h2><br>
<p>Roland and Cecile Mourer working for the Royal University of Phnom Penh undertook the first excavations from 1965 to 1969 and almost immediately brought to light evidence of prehistoric human occupation in Laang Spean from as long ago as 6.240 years BP. Objects found included tools made of hornfel, pottery, burnt animal bones, carbonized matter, shells of mollusks and a great variety of micro fauna remains. In a deeper middle layer they found artifacts and tools, that "showed similarities with so-called Hoabinhian sites that had been uncovered in Southeast Asia, suggesting the possibility of a common cultural bedrock for a group of humans stretching from Burma to Vietnam." Thirty years of war and ten years of mine clearing prevented further excavations.</p><br>
<p>The French-Cambodian Prehistoric Mission - a team of Cambodian and French archaeologists and students - has resumed archaeological work since 2009 in room no. 2 (central part of the cave) over a surface of nearly 40 m&sup2; that provides new stratigraphic, chronocultural and archaeo-zoological results. Currently, 20 stratigraphic units are recorded on a ground surface of 1,000 m&sup2; to a depth of 5 meters without reaching the bed rock.</p><br>
<p>The Neolithic burial sites of four men and one woman dating from 3.700 to 3.300 BP. were found in one of the top layers. The fact that some graves were lavishly adorned with stone jewelry and others not at all, suggests emergent social stratification among the population and provides researchers with "an original chronological, cultural landmark for South-East Asia, at the beginning of the Ages of Metal".</p><br>
<p>The Hoabinhian level (later hunter–gatherers) contains split pebble tools and abundant faunal remains that dates between 11.000 and 5000 years BP. The team discovered "a large stone featuring what appear to be etchings in the shape of an arrow, dyed with a redocher color...It could be the first case of art in Cambodia".</p><br>
<p>The team uncovered rudimentary stone tools (chert flakes and polyhedral, multiplatform cores) in the deepest Palaeolithic levels from as far back as 71.000 years BP.</p><br>
<p>Long Hole, also spelled Longhole, is a limestone cave on the south coast of the Gower Peninsula between Paviland and Port Eynon. It is a small cave, about 15 m deep as a result of several excavations. It was first excavated in 1861 by Colonel E. R. Wood. Wood found evidence of a lithic assemblage and faunal remains. The faunal remains included cave hyena, reindeer, Woolly rhinoceros, mammoth, straight-tusked elephant and wild horse.</p><br>
<p>A second excavation was conducted in 1969 by J. B. Campbell. Analysis of the evidence from the two excavations, including sediment and pollen as well as the lithic evidence, has identified Long Hole as an Aurignacian site contemporary with and related to the site at Paviland, evidence of the first modern humans in Britain.</p><br>
<p>The Little Mark Island Monument is a historic day beacon and shipwreck refuge on Little Mark Island in northern Casco Bay off the southern coast of the United States state of Maine. The monument, a pyramidal stone structure built in 1827, is one of only three such structures ever built in the state, and is now topped by a beacon light. It is owned and managed by the United States Coast Guard, and is an active aid to navigation. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Little Mark Island is an island about 1 acre in size, and is located in northern Casco Bay, soutth of Haskell Island and west of the southern tip of Bailey Island. The island is roughly lozenge-shaped, and is devoid of trees. Its high point, near the center, rises to about 40 ft above mean sea level, and is where the monument is located. The monument is a stone structure in the shape of a slender square pyramid, with a total height of 50 ft and walls that are 18 ft long at the base and 4 ft at the top. It appears to have been built from rock quarried on the island. The monument is marked with vertical black stripes on each face. A steel ladder is mounted on the south side, and the west side has an open entrance into the structure&#39;s interior. The interior consists of an open chamber which rises to the top of the monument, and was probably originally open at the top, intended to act as a chimney flue. The top has since been closed off by a concrete cap. The only fixtures in the interior are a box housing equipment for operating the marine beacon mounted on top of the concrete cap. The beacon is powered by batteries, which are recharged by solar panels mounted on a concrete pad just outside the monument.</p><br>
<p>The monument was built in 1827, and was a functional replica of a similar structure built in 1811 at Cape Elizabeth, a location now occupied by the Cape Elizabeth Lights. A similar monument was built on Stage Island in 1823 off Biddeford, which also serves today as an aid to navigation. When built, the interior would have been stocked with supplies usable by shipwreck victims who might seek refuge on the island. The light was installed on the tower in 1927. It is a white light, flashing for 0.4 seconds once every four seconds.</p><br>
<p>The Brookfield Village Historic District encompasses the 19th-century village center of Brookfield, Vermont. Arrayed on the eastern shore of Sunset Lake, it includes well-preserved examples of Greek Revival architecture, and is best known for the Sunset Lake Floating Bridge, a pontoon bridge that provides access to the village from the west. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Brookfield was chartered in 1781, and developed along Ridge Road, which was in the 19th century a major north-south stagecoach route, connecting Montpelier and Randolph. The town arose on the eastern shore of Sunset Pond (originally known as Colt&#39;s Pond), which was in 1812 spanned by the first incarnation of the Sunset Lake Floating Bridge, the only known pontoon bridge in the eastern United States. The village center has lost little of its 19th-century charm, retaining unpaved main roads and tall shade trees.</p><br>
<p>The historic district covers 450 acre, extending along the east side of Sunset Lake as far south as the First Congregational Church, and more than half a mile north of the floating bridge. It extends westward across the lake and all the way to the Interstate 89 right of way, thus including a portion of the village&#39;s rural views. The developed area of the district extends along Ridge Road and Shore Road, with mostly modestly scaled residences that have vernacular Greek Revival styling. Prominent public buildings include the church (built 1843) and the former town hall, a three-story mid-19th century building that has housed a variety of municipal functions and community organizations throughout its history. Near the southern end of the village are remnants of a modest 19th-century industrial enterprise, a fork factory powered by the waters of Sunset Brook, which exits the lake near its southern end.</p><br>
<p>The Ottauquechee River Bridge is a steel girder bridge carrying United States Route 5 across the Ottauquechee River in Hartland, Vermont. The bridge replaced a c. 1930 Warren deck truss bridge, built in the wake of Vermont&#39;s devastating 1927 floods, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The bridge is located in a rural section of northern Hartland, spanning the Ottauquechee River a short way downstream from the North Hartland Dam. United States Route 5 is a major roadway providing local access along the Connecticut River, and is roughly paralleled by Interstate 91 to the east.</p><br>
<h2>Historic bridge</h2><br>
<p>The 1930 bridge was a four-span structure, mounted on concrete piers and abutments. The piers had rusticated and rounded ends, and the northernmost pier had an arch set between the I-beam spans. It was 274 ft long, with three approach spans consisting of steel I-beam construction, and a main span consisting of Warren trusses 120 ft in length. The guard rail consisted of T-shaped stanchions joined by a decorative metal latticework. The bridge was one of 1,600 built by the state after the 1927 floods, and was one of just four Warren deck truss structures built at the time. When the bridge was listed on the National Register in 1990, a nearly identical bridge stood in Bethel, spanning a branch of the White River.</p><br>
<p>The District No. 5 School is an historic school building and local history museum at 311 East Road in Petersham, Massachusetts. It is one of two relatively unmodified one-room schoolhouses in the town that were built in 1849. It is presently managed by the local historical society as a local history museum. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The District No. 5 School is located in a rural area of eastern Petersham, on the northeast side of East Road just south of its junction with Harty Lane. It is a single-story wood frame structure, with a gable roof, clapboarded exterior, and a stone foundation. The street-facing facade houses a single door, which provides access to the building. The side walls each have two windows. Trim consists of simple pilasters at the corners, and an entry surround with pilasters, transom window, and paneled entablature. The interior of the school has a vestibule area, which then opens into the classroom. The wall separating the spaces is vertical tongue-and-groove, with an original Federal-period door. The classroom walls are finished in vertical tongue-and-groove wainscoting, with plaster above. Floors appear to be original planking, and the original desks occupy much of the space.</p><br>
<p>The town of Petersham, incorporated in 1754, established a district school system consisting of thirteen districts. The present district 5 schoolhouse was built in 1849, and is one three school buildings from the 1840s to survive in the town. It was built on land purchased by the town in 1803, at which time the district&#39;s second schoolhouse was built. The present school was built as a replacement of the 1803 building. District schools were formally abolished in Massachusetts in 1866, but this school remained open until 1880, and served one term in 1888 before being shuttered. In 1907, the town sold the vacant building to four former students, whose association held reunions at the school, and then donated it to the local historical society in 1941, stipulating that it be maintained and preserved. It is now operated by them as a museum.</p><br>
<p>Huntoon Lake is a 42.5-acre private, all-sports lake in Waterford Township in Oakland County, Michigan.</p><br>
<p>The 15-ft deep lake is spring fed and is entirely residential. It is located along Airport Rd. north of Hatchery Rd. and south of Williams Lake Rd.</p><br>
<h2>Namesake</h2><br>
<p>Huntoon Lake named for Daniel Huntoon (d.1851), who first settled on 165 acres in sections 8 and 9 of Waterford Township on the south shore of lake that later would bear his family name. Huntoon and his sons Philetus (1824-1869), Phineas (1827-1903) and Horace (1831-1897) came to Waterford in 1832 from New Hampshire.</p><br>
<p>After the death of their father, Philetus ran the family farm in Waterford. In 1860, Phineas became the proprietor of the Waterford General Store, which was built in 1857 by the previous proprietor, his brother Horace.</p><br>
<h2>Fish</h2><br>
<p>Fish in Scott Lake include sunfish, bluegill, largemouth bass, perch, northern pike, crappie and bullhead.</p><br>
<p>Otter Lake is an all-sports, 74-acre Oakland County, Michigan lake along the main branch of the Clinton River.</p><br>
<p>To the north, Otter Lake connects to 19-acre Geneva Lake.</p><br>
<p>To the south is 458-acre Sylvan Lake, which joins the 74-acre Otter Lake, for a total of 532 acres of lake, making it the seventh largest lake in Oakland County.</p><br>
<p>The lake lies in Waterford Township, Michigan and is west of Pontiac, Michigan. It is located south of Voorhies Road, east of Cass Lake Road and west of Telegraph Road.</p><br>
<p>Otter Lake is named for the North American river otter, which are indigenous to the area.</p><br>
<h2>Fish</h2><br>
<p>Fish in Otter Lake include Black Crappie, Largemouth Bass, Northern Pike, Panfish, Rock Bass, Smallmouth Bass and Walleye.</p><br>
<p>Conewago Falls in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania was a historic river barrier 12 mi below and south of HarrisburgThree Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station at a wide spot (8,000 ft</p><br>
<p>), where the river drops 19 ft in 1/4 mi along the lower Susquehanna River along either side of Three Mile Island. The falls between the west bank and the west side of the island were inundated-by-design years ago by construction of the York Haven Dam which, when it was completed in 1904, for a time became the third largest in the world. Today the Falls hides inside the Frederic Lake reservoir along the west side of the island.</p><br>
<p>The falls would often be portaged around by Native Americans with their elm bark canoes transiting between Susquehannock (and later, Iroquois and Lenape) Amerindian towns at points upriver to the Oyster beds in Chesapeake Bay or vice versa. The Falls blocked riverine navigation on the Susquehanna River, and were one of the factors preventing barge or ship water transport from Baltimore and the Chesapeake Bay.</p><br>
<p>The Lake Frontier is a lake located entirely in the municipality of Lac-Frontière, Quebec in regional county municipality  Montmagny in the administrative region of Chaudière-Appalaches, in Quebec, in Canada.</p><br>
<p>From 1915, the small town South of the lake, called "Lac-Frontière" (English: Lake-Frontier), has had some development through the terminus of the Central Quebec railway.</p><br>
<p>In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the forest industry was the main economic activity of the region. Upon arrival of the railroad, the recreational and tourist vocation of the region has significantly developed.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Frontier lake supplies water by its tributary the Northwest Black River (from the North) and the Creek Reservoir (from the West). The village in the municipality of Lac-Frontière, Quebec is located at South of the lake.</p><br>
<p>The mouth of Frontier Lake is located on Southeast bank of the lake at:</p><br>
<p>0.9 km West of the Canada-US border</p><br>
<p>0.5 km North of the village center of Lac-Frontière, Quebec</p><br>
<p>1.9 km East of the summit of the "Montagne du Lac" (Mountain of the Lake) (elevation: 510 m)</p><br>
<p>4.4 km Southeast from the village of Sainte-Lucie-de-Beauregard, Quebec.</p><br>
<h2>Toponymy</h2><br>
<p>The choice of this place name is explained by its proximity to the US border. Established in 1842, this border in the Treaty of Webster-Ashburton, after lengthy negotiations between the British and the Americans.</p><br>
<p>Subsequently, the British set up camp on the banks of the lake, to accommodate their surveyors who went to topographic surveys in order to determine more precisely the border. At the same time, the inhabitants of the region of Montmagny had designated this expanse of water "English Lake", by associating it with the language of people who were there, both British Americans. Cartographic documents of the time translated this term as "English Lake"</p><br>
<p>The place name "Lake Frontier" was formalized as of December 5, 1968 at the Commission de toponymie du Québec (Quebec Names Board).</p><br>
<p>Lea-Hutaff Island  is a 5,641-acre uninhabited barrier island and marsh system located off the coast of North Carolina.</p><br>
<p>It is separated from Topsail Island to the north by New Topsail Inlet and Figure Eight Island to the South by Rich Inlet and from the mainland by Topsail Sound. The four mile long landmass was consolidated in 1998 when Old Topsail Inlet (also known as Elmores Inlet) that had separated Lea Island and Hutaff Island (also known as Elmores Island) closed.</p><br>
<p>Lea Island got its name from Joseph Hampton Lea, Sr., the owner of a prominent Hampstead seafood business who purchased the land from the North Carolina State Board of Education in the early 1950s. Hutaff Island&#39;s name came from George Hutaff, who bought the property in 1925.</p><br>
<p>Lea Island was subdivided into approximately 40 lots that were offered for sale in the 1980s. Three houses were constructed on the island, but they were soon threatened by erosion due to the relentless southward migration of New Topsail inlet. The inlet has migrated more than six miles since it opened prior to 1730 and as of 2014 was still migrating southward at a rate of approximately 50 feet per year. Due to the rapid erosion and the challenges of living off-the-grid on a remote barrier island without public utilities, and no bridge or ferry service to the mainland, many landowners who had initially bought lots and planned to build homes on Lea Island abandoned the idea. By the early 2000s efforts were underway to prevent future development on Lea Island. In partnership with Audubon North Carolina, the North Carolina Coastal Land Trust started buying the remaining privately owned lots to transfer to the state. The land trust made deals with most of the owners who were willing to sell; other owners donated their lots. The acquired land was transferred to the State of North Carolina and became the Lea Island State Natural Area. Audubon bought 36 acres on Lea Island in 2010.</p><br>
<p>The last of the homes on Lea-Hutaff Island was destroyed by a storm in October 2015. The northern portion of Lea-Hutaff Island that was Lea Island is now mostly held by the National Audubon Society and the state government, while the Hutaff area is owned by the Hutaff family. The island is only accessible by boat. The island is also a prominent nesting spot for loggerhead turtles, Least Terns, American Oystercatchers, Piping Plovers and Clapper Rails.</p><br>
<p>The Aaron Jr. and Susan Parker Farm is a historic farm property at 1715 Brook Road in Cavendish, Vermont. Now just 16 acre, the property includes a c. 1815 Federal style farmhouse, and a well-preserved early 19th century English barn. The farmstead was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Parker Farm is located in a rural area of central northern Cavendish, on the west side of Brook Road about 0.5 mi north of its junction with Atkinson and Center Roads. The farm&#39;s remaining 16 acre are roughly divided in half by the road, with a woodlot on the east side of the road, and a mown meadow and the farm buildings on the west side. The house, set near the road, is a 2-1/2 story brick building, with a side gable roof and end chimneys. The front facade is five bays wide and symmetrical, with a center entrance topped by a transom window. The first-floor bays of the front facade are all topped by blind arches. A modern single-story garage extends northward from the right side of the house, and an older wood frame structure extends to the rear. The barn stands just northwest of the house, and is set further back from the road.</p><br>
<p>The oldest portion of the house, its rear ell, was built about 1795 by Aaron Parker Jr., the son of one of Cavendishs early settlers. Sometime in the 1810s, he built the brick main block to which it is now attached; this is based on stylistic evidence, as the blind arches on the front are a feature typically found only in Vermont houses from that period. Other stylistic elements of the house are clearly drawn from the published patterns of Asher Benjamin, a resident of nearby Windsor who published the nations first architectural pattern book, the 1797 Country Builders Assistant. The house remained in the hands of Parkers descendants until 1933.</p><br>
<p>Cascata del Serpente  is a waterfall located in the Ligurian Apennine . In the past it was also named Cascata delle Cheucie. With other secondary drops it forms the cascate del Serpente complex.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The waterfalls are located in the rugged and step valley of torrente Masone, a left-hand tributary of the Stura di Ovada.</p><br>
<p>The waterfall is not formed by a discontinuity in the stream bedrock, but by a diverse grade of breaking of the same type of rock, the greenschists prevailing in the small valley. This different grade of fracturation produced the step from which the water jumps in the underlying lake, leaping over a less fractured (and thus less erodible) rock layer.</p><br>
<p>The site is considered one sito di interesse geomorfolgico (site of geomorphological interest) of the Parco naturale regionale del Beigua. The Park administration created close to the waterfalls a Percorso botanico (botanical itinerary) in co-operation with a local secondary school.</p><br>
<p>In summer the small lake underlying the main drop is a popular bathing place.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the past the waterfall was named Cascata delle Cheucie, ad only the small lake was referred as del Serpente (of the snake).</p><br>
<p>The abundant waters of torrente Masone were used for many purposes and is still possible to recognize ruins of a big mill located near the junction of torrente Masone and the Stura. Closer to the waterfalls are located remains of Cartiera Savoi, an ancient paper mill moved by freshwater.</p><br>
<h2>Hiking and canyoning</h2><br>
<p>The waterfalls can be easily reached from Masone centre by car or with a 30 minutes walk. A foothpath links the waterfall with Bric del Dente and the Po/Ligurian Sea water divide.</p><br>
<p>A canyoning itinerary partially equipped as via ferrata flanks the main drop as well as the minor ones.</p><br>
<p>Acamarachi  is a 6,046 m high volcano in northern Chile. In this part of Chile, it is the highest volcano. Its name means "black moon". It is a volcano in the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, a zone of strong volcanic activity during the last million years. Old volcanoes in the area are well-preserved, due to the dry climate.</p><br>
<p>Acamarachi itself is a cone-shaped volcano with steep upper flanks and a lava dome on its northern side. While there is no indication of historical activity and the flank lava flows are old, some lava flows around the summit crater and a lava coulee north of Acamarachi on the saddle between Acamarachi and Colachi volcano may be postglacial in age. Acamarachi is formed by andesitic and dacitic rocks.</p><br>
<p>Acamarachi features an Inca mountain sanctuary on which several figurines have been found. One female figurine is made out of silver, a male one is made out of thorny oyster. Both of these figurines were found with miniature clothing.</p><br>
<h2>Geological context</h2><br>
<p>The volcano is located in the Central Volcanic Zone, an area of volcanism in the Andes. Volcanism in this area is dependent on the subduction in the Peru-Chile Trench. 27 million years ago, in this area of the Andes large rhyolitic eruptions commenced and formed major ignimbrites, dramatically increasing 10 million years ago. At the same time starting in the Miocene, andesitic to dacitic eruptive activity has formed large stratovolcanoes. This activity in the late Pleistocene and Holocene has created the current volcanic arc.</p><br>
<p>The climate of the area is hyperarid. Thus, ignimbrites and individual volcanoes keep most of their original appearance. Most of these volcanoes are remote structures that are unlikely to affect significant population, although wind-driven transport of tephra can potentially cause economic and other damage at considerable distance.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Acamarachi is a steep-sided conical volcano, like several other volcanoes in the region. Such a shape is due to the relatively high viscosity of the lavas forming them. In the case of Acamarachi, the upper slopes reach a slope angle of 45°. On the volcano&#39;s northern flank there is a large lava dome while the rest of the edifice is symmetrical.</p><br>
<p>Acamarachi is constructed by andesite and dacite. Rocks are porphyritic and contain hornblende as well as biotite or pyroxene. Augite, hypersthene and plagioclase are also present, with smaller contents of olivine and quartz.</p><br>
<p>A study of lava flows at the summit concluded that Acamarachi&#39;s last eruption may have occurred during the Holocene. There are no young lava flows on the flanks and the summit crater is degraded. Possibly after the ice ages, north of Acamarachi a silicic coulee was erupted on the saddle between Acamarachi and Colachi. This coulee has well preserved flow structures and covers 7 km. No evidence exists for activity in historical times.</p><br>
<p>The volcano is part of a northwest-bound alignment along with Rili, Colachi and Yalquis-Putas, which may be linked to faults underground. However, Colachi and Acamarachi seem to have separate magmatic systems. They are both relatively low over the surrounding terrain which is about 4,800 m high and is formed by raised ignimbrites.</p><br>
<p>Acamarachi does not have glaciers or any perennial ice structures. Such lack of glaciation is also observed on other mountains in the neighbourhood such as Aucanquilcha and is probably due to the arid climate.</p><br>
<h2>Archeology</h2><br>
<p>Acamarachi is known as an Inca mountain sanctuary, among at a minimum 15 other mountain sanctuaries known to have been used by the Inca. Other known sanctuaries are Cerro Colorado, Cerro Lailay, Cerro del Leon, Cerro Mullay, Cerro Toco, Cerro Quimal, Curiquinca, Juriques, Laguna Verde, Licancabur, Linzor, Paniri, Sairecabur, Tatio and Toconce. On its summit, four different ceremonial platforms are arranged in a cloverleaf conformation.</p><br>
<p>Inca figurines representing individuals of various sexes have been found on Acamarachi. The figurines found at Acamarachi may represent mid-level imperial officials, considering the simple tunics they wore. One figurine made out of Spondylus shell wore miniature clothing made out of camelid wool, the clothing having an imperial design with multicoloured decorations. The tunic itself is yellow. The textiles found on Acamarachi belong to a style known as "Catarpe", which is associated with Inca presence. Such clothing seems to be miniaturized versions of Inca clothing. This figurine has no plaque, unlike some other Inca figurines. A feather and a shawl are other accessories that have been found on the figurine. The function of such figurines is unknown, several theories have been proposed, such as representing deities. Another figurine representing a woman was also found there in 1971, in red miniature clothing with decorations too, as well as a red feather. This figure is made out of silver. Such dressed figurines have been found on other Andean summits, such as Aconcagua, Cerro El Plomo, Cerro Mercedario, Cerro Las Tortolas, Cerro Gallan, Copiapo and Pichu Pichu. Acamarachi&#39;s figurines are now exposed in the R. P. Gustavo Le Paige Archaeological Museum of San Pedro de Atacama.</p><br>
<p>The region in which Acamarachi is located was a southern part of the Inca Empire. A major Inca road passed by the town of Toconao, not far from Acamarachi.</p><br>
<p>The Gueldaman caves  are a prehistoric mountain ridge on the right bank of the Soummam valley in Algeria. The ridge consists of a large karst network with several natural caves, which is situated near the town of Akbou, Béjaïa Province, in the western part of the Babor Mountains in the Tell Atlas range. The location spans over 7 km and varies in altitude between 556 m to 898 m. Adrar is a Berber  term for mountain, possibly a cognate of the toponym Atlas. Gueldaman is a Numidian water deity.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>On the South-Eastern side of the ridge sit six caves. The 80 m long cave GLD1 lying 507 m above sea level was first excavated during the 1920s. Deposits of human occupation were identified and due to the discovery of a set of polished stone tools the site was associated with the early Neolithic although without chrono-stratigraphic analysis and without regard for the regional cultural context at the time. Only since 2010, when excavations resumed by CNRPAH (National Center of prehistoric anthropological and historical research in Algiers) was the regional process of "Neolithisation" investigated methodically. First reflected in the results of the zooarchaeological analysis of the macro-mammals as a shift in the management of the livestock herds takes place from mere production of meat towards the production of meat and the use of secondary products.</p><br>
<p>GLD1 deposits are more than 5 m deep, remains (mammal bones, mollusc shells and plant-remains), cultural material (ceramics, lithic and bone tools) and ornaments (gastropod shells, bird bones, tortoise shells and ostrich eggshells) are well preserved. Some of these objects suggest long distance trade. Human occupation ranges from 1484 BP to 17.031 BP. The vast majority of artifacts and the introduction of sheep/goat domestication dates to the 6th and 7th millennia BP.</p><br>
<p>In 2010 to 2012 the caves GLD2 and GLD3 were investigated for the first time and indices of human occupation collected, similar to those of GLD1. As Holocene cultures are unknown in the region, further excavations have to determine, whether Gueldaman is the key to regional acculturation from hunters/gatherers towards herding/cultivation.</p><br>
<p>In 2015 several international geologic and meteorologic sciences institutes have published a joint study in which a prolonged drought in the Mediterranean and northern Africa around 4200 years BP is being analyzed. The study supports the hypothesis that this climate anomaly may have played a major role in local cultural disruption, explaining the abandonment of the Gueldaman cave settlements.</p><br>
<p>The Jeff Davis County Courthouse is located in the town of Fort Davis, the seat of Jeff Davis County in the USA state of Texas. The courthouse was constructed between 1910-1911 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. The Texas Historical Commission  has also designated the building as a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark since 2000 and, along with the surrounding courthouse square, as a State Antiquities Landmark since 2003. The surrounding county and county seat, along with the nearby historic frontier fort at Fort Davis National Historic Site, are named after Jefferson Davis, who served as USA war secretary at the time of the establishment of the fort and the town, and who would later become president of the Confederate States of America during the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse is located in the towns traditionally commercial district and holds the distinction of having the highest elevation of any of the states courthouses due to Fort Davis altitude in the states western Davis Mountains. The building was constructed in a Classic Revival style with recessed columned porticoes on two sides with a Beaux-Arts clock tower atop. The ground floor primarily hosts county offices while the second floor is dominated by the district courtroom.</p><br>
<p>A previous facility located on the same square from 1880 to 1911 served as the original courthouse for both Jeff Davis County and also for Presidio County from which Jeff Davis County was partitioned and of which Fort Davis also formerly served as the county seat. The older courthouse was an adobe facility that required constant maintenance and never held sufficient space to serve the needs of either county government.</p><br>
<p>The current building has also suffered over its history with poor construction requiring constant repair as well as the need for upgrades to modern infrastructure and technical standards. The courthouse underwent major renovations in the 1950s, many of which disrespected the buildings original architectural design, and again in this century with THC funding that further modernized the structure while rectifying many of the previous renovations design deficiencies bringing the building closer to its original glory. The courthouse grounds are planted mostly with native species, and continues to serve as a focal point for holiday celebrations and community observations.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The courthouse is located in the center of Fort Davis courthouse square on a block bounded by Court Avenue to the north, South State Street to the east, Woodward Avenue to the south, and South Front Street on the west. State St., along the squares eastern boundary, is the towns main thoroughfare conveying both State Highway 17 (SH 17) and SH 118 which merge just south of the squares southeastern corner at Woodward Ave. The building&#39;s official address is 100 Court Avenue along the northern face of the courthouse.</p><br>
<p>The two-story Classic Revival edifice features an exterior with alternating layers of concrete and rusticated pink native stone. Six doric columns enclose recessed pedimented porticoes on each of the northern and southern faces of the building. From the buildings slab-on-grade foundation to the sill of the first-story windows is a base composed of a poured-in-place water table. Above that is the layered concrete and volcanic stone exterior walls most of which is slightly recessed from concrete block quoins. Above the second story windows begins a painted, decorative sheet metal entablature capped with a prominent cornice. Above the central portion of each of the buildings four sides is a wood-framed, low-pitched, cross-gabled roof with pediments at each end covered with asphalt shingles. The four corner sections have low-pitched roofs with external gutters.</p><br>
<p>Atop the structure is a Beaux-Arts octagonal clock tower enclosing a Seth Thomas timepiece. while the building itself is the highest courthouse in Texas at 5,050 ft. THC documentation describes the building as resembling a smaller version of the Mason County Courthouse in Mason. In addition to the building, a cylindrical concrete block cistern constructed around 1900 located on the southwest corner of the courthouse square is included as a contributing structure to the site&#39;s National Register designation.</p><br>
<p>The courthouses base floor, elevated above the ground of the surrounding square and accessible from steps on each side of the building except the wheelchair-accessible west side, holds space for several county offices arranged around central crossing corridors connecting the entrances in the middle of each side of the building in each cardinal direction. The base floor also includes the county judges courtroom, a vault for storage of county records, restrooms, and storage space. On the east side of the building, two flights of stairs lead to the second floor. The first flight consists of two separate stairways that combine around the base of a wider central flight ending at the second floor facing the entrance to the main courtroom. A second stairway is located south of the west end of the building&#39;s main central corridor and is used to provide access to offices and other facilities behind the upper courtroom and as use as a secondary fire escape. An elevator on the southeast side of the building also adjoins the two main floors.</p><br>
<p>The second floor of the structure is dominated by the main courtroom occupying all of the space between the north and south porticoes with windows shaded by the porticoes. The judges podium, witness stand, and position for court officials are located beyond the west end of the courtroom which includes stained glass fixtures, including a fan-shaped ornament behind the judges podium, filtering outside light from windows behind. The jury box is along the south wall to the right of the podium while a table for additional officials is along the north wall to the left of the podium. Tables for trial adversaries and their counsel face the podium and are separated by a central aisle. The spectator section comprises the central and eastern portions of the room and is separated by a golden oak railing from the parties of the proceedings. Above the spectator section is a balcony, often called the "buzzards roost", providing additional spectator seating. The courtroom features a 25 ft ornamental tin pressed ceiling. East of the courtroom on both sides of the landing of the central staircase from the first floor are additional county offices, the elevator shaft, and storage space. Stairways on both sides of the central stairway from below lead upward one flight combining to a central flight to the courtroom balcony and the east end of the third floor. The west wing of the second floor behind the judges podium includes the judge&#39;s chamber, the jury room, additional office and storage space, and a single-toilet restroom. The fire stairway from the first floor continues upward to the third.</p><br>
<p>The east and west wings of the third floor of the courthouse are separated and unconnected due to the high ceiling of the main courtroom on the second floor beyond the courtrooms balcony. The east wing on both sides of the central stairway from the second floor leading to the courtroom balcony are storage and mechanical spaces. The small stairway on the west wing from the second floor opens into a storage area with potential office usage. This area has an additional stairway leading into the buildings attic and clock house tower. The floor is narrower than the courtroom on each end of the building and above the rooftop in all of the courthouse&#39;s corner quadrants.</p><br>
<p>The surrounding courthouse square supports an arboretum featuring predominantly native tree species. Located around the courthouse grounds are several state historical markers and monuments including one recognizing the courthouse itself. and a pink granite monument recounting the Confederate occupation and abandonment of the town and its military fort during the Civil War. An additional monument recognizes local hero Sgt. Manuel Gonzales for his valiant accomplishments during World War II. Both the Confederate and Gonzales monuments, on the northeast grounds of the square, are recognized resources as non-contributing objects as part of the site&#39;s National Register status.</p><br>
<p>At the entrance of each side of the building are semicircular landings equal in width to the steps thereby making the landings at the principal north and south entrance much larger. From each landing are straight sidewalks, first constructed in 1918, leading directly toward the streets. A fence constructed of steel pipes around 1915 lines the perimeter of the property. The fence includes turnstiles installed where the entrance sidewalks at the center of each side of the property. For greater accessibility, the west turnstile has been removed, and a larger gate has been installed on the south side.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The USA Army garrison of Fort Davis was commissioned in 1854 enabling the settlement of the nearby supporting civilian town site under the forts protection from hostile Native Americans. At the time, Fort Davis belonged to a much larger Presidio County, created by the Texas Legislature in 1850, that encompassed most of the present region of Texas west of the Pecos River. After several fruitless attempts, the county was successfully organized in 1875 then comprising present-day Brewster, Jeff Davis, and Presidio counties. That year, the county accepted the gift of a 1 acre land parcel in Fort Davis for the site of a future courthouse and county jail from local merchant Whittaker Keesey. Nevertheless, the county initially needed to rent office and court space, first in a dance hall, and then from space provided by another townsman while an additional local merchant rented furniture. Jail space was rented from Keesey at his familys store.</p><br>
<h3>Original courthouse</h3><br>
<p>In 1879, the Presidio County Commissioners Court assessed a 50-cent tax per $100 valuation to finance the construction of what would become the original Presidio County Courthouse and jail on the previously donated Keesey property on the northwestern portion of the present courthouse square in Fort Davis. The Commissioners Court accepted a bid of $2,400 from William Jenkins to design and build the courthouse and jail.</p><br>
<p>The new facility, on the street corner at the northwest corner of the parcel, was completed in 1880. It was of adobe construction and fashioned into a U-shape surrounding an open courtyard. The courtyard included a well and was enclosed with a 12 ft to 14 ft adobe wall with a massive gate and a smaller entrance door within the gate. The building probably contained only three rooms and featured an 18 ft by 20 ft jail cell 8 ft below the sheriff&#39;s office and guard room accessible through a trap door. The dungeon cell was poorly lit and ventilated with narrow slits of heavily barred windows along the top of the walls. This jail configuration was common among Southwestern courthouses at the time, including contemporary facilities in El Paso and San Antonio, and often referenced as "Batcaves". Prisoners were chained to six iron bull rings fastened into the walls with 2 in wrought iron pickets located 1 ft from the floor.</p><br>
<p>The guard room above included an iron cell for drunks and less dangerous prisoners including women. Due to the courthouses small size, the county needed to rent additional office space nearly immediately after completion. The buildings inadequate space combined with a leaking roof would cause repairs and improvements to consume the majority of commissioners time after 1982. In 1883, county commissioners denounced the building as too small and badly in need of repairs. After publishing an invitation for bids to construct a new, two-floor facility, they accepted one offered by Keesey due to his original land donation. One month later, after political infighting that resulted in the resignation of the county judge, all bids were then rejected. In the aftermath, the next meeting of the Commissioners Court called for a new tax levy to provide additional rooms for the jail and county clerks office and five iron cages for upper jail cell. Although the cages were indeed installed, there is little proof that the building underwent any further expansion. In 1884, glass was installed in the windows of the clerk&#39;s office, and the sheriff was ordered to remove the water closet and fill the well in the courtyard.</p><br>
<p>The facility would serve as the seat of Presidio County until 1885 when the town of Marfa, one of several newly emergent communities in the county along the recently constructed Southern Pacific Railroad, would take advantage of its growing political clout and force an election on whether to move the seat of government to Marfa. The election resulted in a victory by Marfa&#39;s supporters in a tally of 391-302 for a margin of 89 votes out of 693 cast. The following Commissioners Court meeting was held in Marfa and, despite many absent commissioners, ordered the transfer of county records from Fort Davis to Marfa. Despite the intransigence of some Fort Davis officeholders, the seat was effectively moved to Marfa housed in rented spaces there. Litigation would continue into the following year when the Texas Supreme Court would ultimately decide that, while the relocation of the county seat to Marfa did not carry the two-thirds majority required by state law, recommended that the Legislature divide the county recognizing increasing agitation to do so both in Fort Davis and in Murphyville, now known as Alpine.</p><br>
<p>The Legislature dutifully complied with the courts recommendation and carved Presidio County into several new ones including Jeff Davis in 1887. The newly created counties, however, were immediately saddled with their pro rata share of their parent countys debt. Furthermore, Presidio County insisted that the new counties were responsible for paying for their share of the debt on its new Presidio County Courthouse. To add insult to injury, the new Jeff Davis County found the Fort Davis courthouse, which had sat dormant for two years since the removal of the previous county seat to Marfa, to be a shell of its former self with the building&#39;s fixtures and furniture also carried off along with its former official records. The courthouse retained its iron jail cells, but remained as inadequately small and in need of reparation as it had before. By 1910, the need for a new courthouse had become eminent. Numerous repairs, including repeated patching of the roof, had been regularly necessary. Two windows, heavily barred, had been added to the west wall of the upper cell housing women and less threatening prisoners for light and ventilation. Eventually jail facilities became so intolerable that all prisoners required transport to the Presidio County jail for detention, and the building as a whole was seen as being beyond further repair. After completion of construction on the replacement courthouse and the new separate jail building in 1911, the steel cell from the original courthouse was salvaged for use in the new jail, while dirt from the demolition of the old adobe courthouse was used for leveling the grounds of the new courthouse and jail yard.</p><br>
<h3>Present courthouse</h3><br>
<p>In May 1910, county securities at six percent interest were issued to pay for the new courthouse and separate county jail to be paid with a 25-cent per $100 property tax. The architectural firm L.L. Thurman & Co. of Dallas, who would soon after design the current Henderson County Courthouse in Athens, was selected to design the courthouse and jail facilities at a cost not to exceed $6,000. Strips of land adjoining the south and east sides of the previous courthouse property were purchased from W. Keesey to extend the courthouse square to the entire block of the street grid. By August, the county would accept a $47,000 bid from Falls City Construction Co. of Louisville, Kentucky to construct the courthouse at the center of the newly expanded square immediately southeast of the previous facility. Construction of both the courthouse and jail were finished in early March 1911, and their completion was celebrated with a community dance in the courtroom on March 13. Once county offices had vacated the previous courthouse and jail, bids were accepted for the demolition of the previous facility. After construction debts were paid, the special tax was rescinded in May 1920.</p><br>
<p>Currently, State St., which conveys both state highways passing through Fort Davis and which runs along the east of the square, serves as the town&#39;s principal street. In earlier years, however, Front St. along the west side of the square performed that role as that street was historically the route of the Butterfield Overland Mail through town.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor of the new courthouse featured six offices each of which was heated with its own fireplace, a large room for Commissioners Court meetings, and a fire-proof vault for archiving county records. The second floor held the courtroom, more offices, a jury room, and a barred detention cell. A many-cupped chandelier lighted the courtroom from its high ceiling. At that time, the judges bench was merely a flat-topped desk and chair. The half-story third floor served as little more than an attic with stairs leading to the clock tower. The 1910-model Seth Thomas clock with faces at each of the buildings four sides was a pendulum-driven device constituted of metal-coated wooden gears and two rock-filled wooden boxes acting as weights. Maintenance required someone to climb three flights of steps plus two ladders weekly for winding. A 700 lb bell for striking the hours was also used as a fire signal and designated as an alert, if necessary, during the Mexican Revolution and World War II. The clock resulted in a $1,700 additional expense to the building despite problems with accuracy or even displaying the same time on its four faces. Installed shortly after the building was completed were hail screens to protect the windows and acetylene gas lights utilizing a pressurizing machine in the new jail yard. Although a water well was drilled in the jail yard, the courthouse did not have running water, toilets, or a septic tank until May 1914. Subsequently, a mens restroom was installed on the ground floor while a single womens toilet was placed in the second floor as women were not widely seen as participants in county government before passage of the Nineteenth Amendment.</p><br>
<p>Over the years, most changes to the courthouse amounted to mere maintenance such as adopting to new technological and public utility standards including electrical lighting, telephone, water, and sewer service. Fireplaces had been replaced by distillate stoves requiring the building&#39;s dozen chimneys to be raised by 6 ft to properly draw air, but these caused soot-stained rainwater to discolor interior walls. In a throwback to the problems plaguing the previous courthouse, the county was constantly needing to replace leaking roofs in the new building. Between 1939 and 1941, an arboretum containing mostly native flora was planted on the square. The arboretum landscaping was authorized in 1938 as a Works Progress Administration program.</p><br>
<p>It was not until the 1950s that the courthouse undertook major renovations. In 1955, the distillate stoves were replaced with butane heaters allowing the chimneys to be reduced to roof level while the roof was also replaced. In 1956, the roof would be replaced again for the fifth or sixth time since the buildings completion in 1911. New flooring was installed in the courtroom and some offices, and the courtroom ceiling was lowered for acoustics and heating. In the courtroom, theater-style seating was installed while the upper gallery was removed. A new plywood bench for the judge and a jury box with matching railing were built. The stained glass window behind the judges bench was boarded and plastered. Downstairs, exterior steel doors were installed, and a counter shelf was built for the office of the sheriff and tax-assessor collector along with five fire extinguishers provided for the premises. In 1957, two gas heaters with electric blowers were installed in the space formerly occupied by the courtrooms upper gallery to heat the courtroom. The buildings roof would require replacement in 1974 and again 1975.</p><br>
<p>Between 2002 and 2003, the courthouse underwent a major restoration that involved, not only electrical, mechanical and plumbing improvements as well as necessary accessibility enhancements such as the installation of an elevator, but also the correction of many architecturally insensitive modifications undergone previously. These included restoring the balcony and original furnishings in the courtroom and faux wood and metal ceiling finishes throughout the building. Exterior improvements included repairs to doors, windows and masonry, a new metal shingle roof, sheet metal repairs to cornices, and renovation of the clock tower. These renovations were performed at a cost of $2.8 million supported by a THC grant of $2.3 million with the remainder supported by local funding. The grant was administered as part of the THCs Texas Historic Courthouse Preservation Program, created to support counties preserve their current and former historic courthouses after the states historic courthouses were included in the 1998 listing of most endangered historic places by the National Trust for Historic Preservation.</p><br>
